A Theoretical Review of Excitation States and Current Trends in Alkaline Earth Elements

Authors: Badrish Badoni

Country: India

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Abstract: This new approach predicts the excitation states of alkaline earth elements ranging in atomic number from 4 (beryllium, Be) through 88 (radium, Ra), the second area of science and technology based on alkaline earth elements. They possess a simple electronic structure (ns²) and their specific excitation characteristics find applications in a broad spectrum of fields, ranging from spectroscopy and quantum computation to precision timekeeping and plasma diagnostics. The theoretical and experimental studies have made a lot of effort in the past decades to study and understand their excited states. The changes in computerization, such as the use of Many Body Perturbation Theory, Density Functional Theory (DFT), and other relativistic corrections, have significantly improved the prediction of transition probabilities, lifetimes, and oscillator strengths of excited states. Other computational methods such as Configuration Interaction (CI) and Coupled Clusters (CC) theories have offered greater information on the electron correlation and fine structure splitting for more massive alkaline earth elements like barium and radium. This review paper focuses on the recent advancements, current trends, and new techniques in the analysis of excitation states of alkaline earth metals. The application of high-resolution spectrographic methods like laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) photoionization and two-photon acatization, however yielded the better determination of the energy levels, the decay rates and autoionization phenomena. Advancements in ultra-fast lasers and tunable laser systems aid in real-time evaluation of transitional excitation phenomena. Utilization of modern techniques such as laser cooling and trapping enable remarkable manipulation of excitation states, hence enabling noteworthy progress in quantum-information technologies and atomic clocks. The applications of the excitation states in the alkaline-earth species are various and important. Strontium-calcium transitions based on optical atomic clocks have been developed to set new standards for the time of the day with unattainable accuracy, thereby calling into question the definition of a second in the International System of Units (SI). The metastable states of these quantum computing elements are regarded as qubits and their quantum properties are utilized to sustain an extended coherence time and to facilitate easier control. Moreover the examination of excitation states is essential to plasma physics and astrophysics, as the spectral lines of these elements facilitate the diagnosis of plasma conditions and the assessment of stellar compositions. This study highlights the significance of excitation states in the advancement of theoretical atomic physics and the evolution of practical technology. This research improves our fundamental understanding of atomic behavior and advances spectroscopy, quantum mechanics and material science by correlating theoretical predictions with empirical evidence. The ongoing advancement of computational and experimental methodologies in the investigation of excitation states in alkaline earth elements is expected to facilitate additional scientific and technological innovations. This thorough overview seeks to present a contemporary viewpoint on the subject bolstered by an in-depth examination of recent studies and citations of significant contributions in the discipline.

Keywords: Alkaline Earth Elements, Excitation States, Quantum computing, Laser Cooling, Relativistic Effects.

Paper Id: 232080

Published On: 2025-02-04

Published In: Volume 13, Issue 1, January-February 2025

Cite This: A Theoretical Review of Excitation States and Current Trends in Alkaline Earth Elements - Badrish Badoni - IJIRMPS Volume 13, Issue 1, January-February 2025.

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